Introduction of Apollo food holdings berhad Essay

The Apollo Food Industry Company which is manufacturing compound chocolate confectionery products and layer cakes based in Malaysia. Apollo’s product mainly divided into two main categories. They are Chocolate Wafer products and Layer cake, Chocolate Layer Cake and Swiss roll products. Apollo Company is the leading company in Malaysia which produce layer cakes and chocolate confectionery products. These cakes are exported very highly to Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, India, Middle East, Mauritius, and Maldives. The company aim is to always fulfill the customer needs and requirement by using the latest equipments and technology. Introduction of oriental food industry berhad Oriental Food Industries Sdn Bhd was established in 1978. Today the company is in the leading position in the snack food and confectionery industry in Malaysia. The company produce four broad categories of junk foods; they are snack food, wafer, potato snacks and bakery products. The company various product has brand names like Rota, Super Ring, Jacker and Oriental are well-known household brand names in Malaysia. The company manufacturing plants are located in air keroh industrial estate in Malacca. In addition year by year the company spend a lot of money for research and development to meet the customers taste. Lately they were start producing potato chips and snacks, potato crisps, soft and layer cakes, water cubes, prawn crackers, Swiss rolls, cream wafers, cheese balls, chicken rings, vegetable and chicken flavoured products, corn snacks, green pea snacks, rice crackers, cheese snacks, cuttlefish flavoured snacks, and onion rings. The company exported those products to many Middle East countries and European countries. RATIO ANALYSIS LIQUID RATIO Liquidity means that the amount of money available to the company to pay off its short term debts. The higher liquidity ratio is the safer the company is. The common liquidity ratios are current ratio and the quick ratio. Current ratio = Apollo food holdings berhad 2009 2010 2011 =179.25 times = 118.15 times = 193.16 times Oriental food industries berhad 2009 2010 2011 =169.00 times = 140.57 times = 0.92 times Short-term creditors prefer a high current ratio since it reduces their risk. Shareholders may prefer a lower current ratio so that more of the firm’s assets are working to grow the business. One drawback of the current ratio is that inventory may include many items that are difficult to liquidate quickly and that have uncertain liquidation values. Quick ratio = Apollo food holdings berhad 2009 2010 2011 =179.25 times = 118.15 times = 193.16 times Oriental food industries berhad 2009 2010 2011 =169.00 times = 140.57 times = 0.92 times The quick ratio is an alternative measure of liquidity that does not include inventory in the current assets. The current assets used in the quick ratio are cash, accounts receivable, and notes receivable. These assets essentially are current assets less inventory. The quick ratio often is referred to as the acid test ratio. ASSET MANAGEMENT RATIOS Asset management ratios are the key to analyzing how effectively and efficiency your small business is managing its assets to produce sales. Asset management ratios otherwise called turnover ratios or efficiency ratios. When the company spends huge amount to buy assets then the company’s operating capital will be high. If the company do not invest then the sales will reduce and will affect the company lot through cash flow profit and stock prices. Asset management ratio will tell how efficiently and how effectively the company is using the assets to generate the revenue. They indicate the ability of a company to translate its assets into the sales. Common examples of asset turnover ratios include fixed asset turnover, inventory turnover, accounts payable turnover ratio, accounts receivable turnover ratio, and cash conversion cycle. These ratios provide important insights into different financial areas of the company and its highlights its strengths and weaknesses. High asset turnover ratios are good for the company because they mean that the company is utilizing its assets efficiently to produce sales. Low mean vies versa. Total asset turnover Total asset turnover is a financial ratio that measures the efficiency of a company’s use of its assets to product sales. It is a measure of how efficiently management is using the assets at its disposal to promote sales. The ratio helps to measure the productivity of a company’s assets. Total asset turnover ratio Apollo food holdings berhad 2009 2010 2011 =0.046 times = 0.047 times = 0.150 times Oriental food industries berhad 2009 2010 2011 =0.040 times = 0.096 times = 0.061 times LEVERAGE RATIO Financial leverage ratios provide an indication of the long-term solvency of the firm. Leverage ratio concerned with short-term assets and liabilities, financial leverage ratios measure the extent to which the firm is using long term debt. The main factors looked at include debt, equity, assets and interest expenses. Debt ratio A ratio that indicates what proportion of debt a company has relative to its assets . A debt ratio of greater than 1 indicates that a company has more debt than assets; meanwhile, a debt ratio of less than 1 indicates that a company has more assets than debt. Debt ratio= Apollo food holdings berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 0.29% = 0.53% = 0.32% Oriental food industries berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 0.25% = 0.31% = 0.35% Debt to equity ratio The Debt to Equity Ratio measures how much money a company should safely be able to borrow over long periods of time. This is a measurement of how much suppliers, lenders, creditors and obligors have committed to the company versus what the shareholders have committed. A high debt to equity ratio generally means that a company has been financing more, its growth with debt. This can result in volatile earnings as a result of the additional interest expense. Debt equity ratio= Apollo food holdings berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 0.29% = 0.53% = 0.33% Oriental food industries berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 0.25% = 0.31% = 0.35% Interest cover ratio The interest cover ratio tells us the safety margin that the business has in terms of being able to meet its interest obligations. The higher interest cover means that the company is in the safe side to meet the interest from the company profits. The lower interest cover is danger to the company. The formula for the interest coverage ratio is used to measure a company’s earnings relative to the amount of interest that it pays. Interest cover ratio= *there is zero % interest cover ratio since there is no interest in Apollo food holdings berhad *there is zero % interest cover ratio since there is no interest in Oriental food industries berhad PROFITABILITY RATIOS Each and every company will most concern about their profitability. So these profitability ratios will help those lots. Gross profit margin, net profit margin, return on assets, and return on equity are some profitability ratios. The profitability ratios will show how profitable the company is. These ratios will measure the overall performance for the company. The profitability ratios can be used to see how well the firm is operating and how well the current performance with past years. Gross profit margin The gross profit margin ratio tells us the profit a business makes on its cost of sales, or cost of goods sold. It is a very simple idea and it tells us how much gross profit per RM1 of turnover our business is earning. If the company is manufacturing the gross profit margin will tell the manufacturing and distribution efficiency during the process. The higher gross profit margin is better for the business. Gross profit margin= *Gross profit margin for Apollo food holdings berhad cannot calculate since the gross profit is equal to the turnover. *Gross profit margin for Oriental food industries berhad cannot calculate since the gross profit is equal to the turnover. Net profit margin Net profit margin measures how much of each ringgit earned by the company is translated into profits. Net profit margin provides clues to the company’s pricing policies, cost structure and production efficiency. Net profit margin is an indicator of how efficient a company is and how well it controls its costs. Net profit margin is mostly used to compare company’s results over time. The higher net profit margin means huge profits for the company. Net profit margin = Apollo food holdings berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 87.90% = 169.26% = 101.48% Oriental food industries berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 61.89% = 87.12% = 85.03% Return on assets Where asset turnover tells an investor the total sales for each RM1 of assets, return on assets. Return on assets gives an idea as to how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings. Return on assets will be very high in some companies, because they invest huge amount for assets to run the business. Such as telecommunication, car manufacturing, railway etc. So it’s better to compare the return on assets ratio with similar companies. Return on assets = Apollo food holdings berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 4.01% = 7.96% = 15.23% Oriental food industries berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 2.49% = 8.34% = 5.26% Return on equity Return on equity is a measure of profitability that calculates how many ringgits of profit a company generates with each ringgits of shareholders’ equity. Return on equity otherwise called net worth. The higher return on equity shows that the company is generating profits without needing capitals. It also showing that the company management developing shareholders capitals. Return on equity = Apollo food holdings berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 4.02% = 8.00% = 15.28% Oriental food industries berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 2.49% = 8.37% = 5.28% // o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t=†Ã¢â‚¬ ,o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "studymoose.com"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

Advanced Marketing course (MBA)

Question I: Explain the concepts of product line width, length, depth, and consistency. Use examples to support your answer. A product mix is a collection of a large variety of product lines. A product line is a group of items or products closely related and lie within a product class as the functions performed by them are similar, have the same group of customers, range within the given price or are advertised and marketed through the same channels or outlets. Every company’s product mix encompasses certain width, depth, consistency and length. Product width: Refers to the number of different product lines carried by the company. For e. g. Unilever deals with food brands, home care and personal care products therefore it offers a product mix width of 3 lines. Product length: The total number of different items or products in a single product line refers to the product length for e. g. if we take food brands of Unilever then Best foods, Knorr, Birds Eye, Lipton and Ben & Jerry’s makes the product length of the specific product line of food brands. Product depth: The variants of each product in a product line refers to the product depth for e. . if we take Lipton, it comes in two formulations loose powder tea and tea bags as well as it also comes in different types such black tea, green tea and herbal tea, so this would mean that Lipton has a depth of 5, as it branches out in 5 different variants. Product consistency: How closely the different product lines are related to each other in use, requirements, production , c hannels and distribution or some other possible way for e. g. If we take Unilever then their goods are consistent in a way that all of their goods are consumer durable and are distributed through the same channel. Similarly they are less consistent as each of their goods serves different buyers and also perform different functions for them. Question II: In planning its market offering, the marketer must address the five product levels of the customer value hierarchy. Describe the â€Å"customer value hierarchy† and identify the five levels of product contained within. Customer value hierarchy is an approach of viewing customer value. It is in a hierarchical representation telling us about how the customer relates and views a product. The customer value hierarchy is pyramid shaped with its base comprising of the basic customer value followed by the expected, unanticipated and desired levels. The five levels of product contained within it are as follows: Core benefit: This is the basic level. It actually refers to the benefit or the service the customer wants to have out the product he buys. Benefit providers, is how a marketer must see himself. Basic product: This is the next important level where the core benefit is converted into a basic product by the marketer. Expected product: The third important level where an expected product is created by the marketer. By expected product we mean a set of conditions or attributes expected by the buyer when he purchases the product. Augmented product: In this level such a product is created by the marketer which is far beyond the expectations of the customer and is referred as an augmented product. Brand positioning and competitions usually starts from this level in developed countries where as in developing countries like India competition starts from expected product level. Potential product: This level comprises of all the possible changing or augmentations the product gets to face in future. New ways of satisfying customers and distinguishing the product and its offering starts from this level. Question III: Explain the concept of a hybrid channel distribution system. When would this system be best utilized? When would this system not be beneficial? Hybrid channel distribution is when a marketer utilizes more than one or a multi channel distribution design. It is one of the most widely used and important channel distribution systems among the vertical marketing network. A single firm can easily cater multiple marketing segments by setting up two or as many marketing channels using hybrid channel distribution system. Firms mostly establish a hybrid system as multiple targets and segments can be approached. If we take the example of star bucks we’ll notice that it follows many distribution designs as they use direct retail system by selling to the stores owned by the company, selling through grocery stores following a single party selling system and also via direct mail following the direct marketing system. Also other distribution systems are utilized by the company. Hybrid channel distribution system works the best when a company serves a wider market and also the marketer knows what system suits the best to its customer way of doing the business. The Hybrid channel communication system carries a lot of potential for channel conflict, therefore in the case of conflicts; this multi channel system does prove to be that beneficial as it may result in improper channel utilization and blocking probabilities. Question IV: In designing a marketing channel system, the marketer must understand the service output levels desired by target customers. Channels provide five service outputs. List and briefly describe each of these outputs. In developing marketing channel systems, needs of the customers are analyzed, objectives of the channel are established and major channel alternatives are evaluated. The five service outputs produced by the channels are: Lot size: The quantity of items possible for the channel to make available to a customer on one occasion. For e. g. a wholesaler will always prefer a channel that can supply him a large lot size of units. Waiting and delivery time: The time taken by the channel to deliver goods to the customers. A customer normally does not like waiting a lot for receiving the goods and prefer a faster system. Spatial convenience: The extent to which the channel makes it convenient for its customers to receive the product. For e. g. if we consider TCS then we’ll notice that it has more offices situated in every area nearby and customers save a lot on transportation as compared to OCS which has less offices and dealers, therefore TCS offers more spatial convenience as compared to OCS. Product variety: The variety or the assortment breadth of the product that the channel offers to its customers. More variety is preferred by the customers as it increases their chance of finding what they are looking for or even better than that. Service backup: Any add on services that the channel provides to its customers such as delivery, installation, repair facilities etc. How good the service backup is, determines how good the channel performs. An increase in the channel cost also takes place for the customers in the case of greater service backup. Question V: The extraordinary growth of direct marketing can be attributed to many factors with both consumers and business are benefiting. List some of the factors that are contributing to the growth of direct marketing. Many factors are involved in the growth of direct marketing. The few most prominent ones are: Changing lifestyles is one of the most important factors that have made the customers accepted direct marketing. In these few years the number of women entering the workforce has increased tremendously. This trend contributed a lot to the growth of direct marketing as it became very inconvenient for working women to take time out and go for shopping. They could simply sit at home and select the merchandise of their choice and convenience through mail-order shopping and receive all kinds of merchandise at their home only via commercial television, mail, interactive television or via home shopping networks. The second most important factor that has increased the growth of direct marketing was the increase that has taken place in the cost of personal sales calls which has risen tremendously in the past few years making personal sale calls very expensive. Direct marketing methods have now made personal selling more cost effective. Another factor that has contributed a lot to the growth of direct marketing is technological growth such as computer based technologies. These technologies have enabled the marketers to be more accurate in the analysis of results, in creating advanced and better customer and prospect databases, better targeting of messages regarding complex demographics and psychographics and even in faster and better execution of packages by direct-mail. Another important factor that has made direct marketing more attractive than mass marketing is the quantity of available product and services has grown as through direct marketing a greater variety and number of products and services can be offered to a smaller group of prospects. Due to an increase in the use of telephones as a means to order has also helped direct marketing to grow and prosper as placing an order through a telephone results in faster order fulfillment and also makes the customer get rid of any delays connected with the mail order system. Question VI: Most companies set annual quotas. Quotas can be on dollar sales, unit volume, and margin, selling effort or activity and product type. Compensation is often tied to the degree of quota attainment. What problems does the setting of quotas present to both the company and to the sales representative? Sales quotas are set by a lot of companies to encourage and provide incentives to the sales representatives in order to meet their daily challenges and also to motivate them to work more effectively bringing out good results for the company. First a sales forecast is created by the company which becomes the basis of planning production, financial requirements and workforce size but the sales quotas create a lot of problems for the sales representatives and the company. Problems cause the company or the sale representative to suffer a lot for e. g. when the company underestimates and the sale representative is already pain then the company has over paid them. Similarly when the company overestimates the potential of the sales, it gets very hard for the sales representatives to match up to their quotas and eventually they get frustrated leading them to even quit at times. Another disadvantage is that often quotas ignore the service side of the business as it usually enables the sales representatives to get a lot of business. Another problem is that only short term results are gained by the company though providing customer satisfaction for a very long term. Due to all these problems faced by the company and the sale representatives most companies have dropped quotas and are adopting other systematic and proper means of attracting sales representatives to work at their best. Question VII: The new product development process starts with the search for ideas. New-product ideas can come from interacting with various groups and using creativity-generating techniques. List these techniques. New innovative product ideas can be created either by interacting with other people such as your own customers and getting their ideas or also by using creativity generating techniques for developing and enhancing creativity in individuals working for the company. These techniques are as follows: Attribute listing: In this technique each attribute of a product is listed and then modification is done to it. For e. g. f we take milk box, we can modify it by replacing the paper box by a glass bottle then it is painted differently and the cap is replaced by a cork etc. Forced relationships: Several ideas are listed then each idea is considered in relation to other ideas. For e. g. in designing a bed room, you consider a bed and a sofa as separate ideas. Then you think of getting a sofa bed that can serve both the purposes. Morphological analysis: It refers to listing every possible combination for creating many innovative solutions. For e. g. we take a problem like â€Å"getting something cooked†. First think of the dimensions such as how well cooked like half cooked, full cooked or baked. Then think of the possible mediums such as stove, on fire or oven and the power source such as electric oven, gas over or electric stove. Reverse assumption analysis: This is done by noting down all the assumptions and the possibilities about an entity and then reversing them. For e. g. let’s take a cinema that plays a movie of the audience choice, charges for the movie and provide snacks. Now if we apply the reverse assumption analysis we will reverse every assumption. The cinema will now show any movie that the owner gets charges not for the movie but for sitting as long in the cinema and instead of snacks offers fast food. New contexts: Consider a familiar process and re-design it into a new context. For e. g. replacing people-helping services with animals such as cats and dogs. Mind mapping: Start with a thought such as food, note it down. Then note down the next thought that comes into your mind such as pizza. Then link both the thoughts that are food and pizza and think of the next association that will be Italy. Associate a new thought with every other word that comes up. Doing this might lead to a whole new idea. Question VIII: Explain the product or brand management organization and list its advantages and disadvantages. Only a company that produces different variety of products or the production capacity is beyond the ability or control of the functional organization establishes a product management organization. It however has another form of management but doesn’t replace the functional organization. A product category manager is under the supervision of a product manager. A product category manager manages and supervises specific brand and product managers. Product and brand management is sometime referred to as hub and spoke system with the brand manager in the center and managing various departments. The brand managers develop competitive strategies for the product, think of an annual marketing plan and predict sales, initiates improvements in the product to meet the changing needs of the market and also continuously work with advertising agencies for the promotion of their product. Advantages of product or brand management: A product manager always develops a cost-effective marketing mix A product manager always ends up reacting quickly to new and innovative products. Smaller brands produced by the company get a product advocate. Disadvantages of product or brand management: Lack of authority to product and brand managers in carrying out their responsibilities. Lack of functional expertise as they are only experts in their own product areas. High costs associated with the system as every major product or brand requires an individual to manage it. Even minor products and brands are catered by different individuals. Brands are usually managed by the brand managers for a short time which leads to short term planning and fails in developing long term strengths. It’s harder for the management to develop a national strategy due to the fragmentation of the markets. Product and brand managers are more focused towards gaining the market share for the company rather than developing healthy customer relationships.

Nvq Level 2

How to make an individual aware of the effects of poor hygiene on others Personal hygiene is a topic often brought up during the pre-teen and teen years when a youngster's body is developing. However, there are times when adults need to be reminded about personal care as well. When subtle hints about showering or using deodorant have no effect, a conversation is the next step. This conversation can be uncomfortable for us and the resident but it doesn't need to be.With some preparation and a few helpful props, we can talk to someone about personal hygiene and help him implement improvements. Step 1 Begin the conversation with a compliment, such as making note that the individual's hair looked very clean the previous day. Continue the conversation by stating the poor hygiene that we have noticed. Will use words like, â€Å"I have noticed† instead of â€Å"You don't. † Simply identify the problem area for the individual, whether that is showering, oral hygiene or somethin g else.Step 2 Continue the conversation by discussing the personal care steps the individual seems to be skipping. If this appears to be a shower, will ask the individual when she/he showers regularly or if she/he had time to shower that day. Step 3 Evaluate the individual's response as to why the hygiene step has been skipped. If it wasn't skipped, then the next step would be to discuss how to do it correctly. Will provide a demonstration if possible or offer the correct hygiene products to fulfil the task.Step 4 State our concern over the individual's hygiene. Phrase the concern carefully and use caring words. Step 5 Will offer the individual the personal care item she/he may be lacking, such as deodorant or mouth wash. Step 6 Will end the conversation by affirming the person. This can be done by stating how much we care for him/her, assuring that this hygiene issue doesn't change our relationship or helping him/her devise a personal care plan. Step 7 Will ask if the individual ha s any questions.

Development Economics and Planning PowerPoint Presentation

Development Economics and Planning - PowerPoint Presentation Example Infrastructure is very vital for any economy, and a key difference that exists between the developed economy and a less developed one is only the quality of infrastructure. Most of the infrastructural developments involve a lot of capital where a lot of money is spent to put the infrastructure in place (Hanak & Reed, 2009). Planning for any infrastructure projects ensures that there exists a common understanding between the providers of the services, the developers, the council and the communities depending on the needs for the local infrastructure, when and how they will be provided. Even though planning for infrastructure has for a long period of time been a major consideration, its significance and the importance to demonstrate deliverability has in recent years gained eminence (Great Britain, 2008). Linked to the development tenders, infrastructure planning process helps in ensuring that the population of Worth has the proper access to services and facilities they require. A new planning charge system was introduced in the year 2010 referred to us community infrastructure levy as one of the development processes that enables the local authorities especially in England and Wales to collect funds form the developers who undertakes the new building tasks in the area. The amount of money collected is used in funding a number of infrastructures that are required as a result of development (Glaeser, 2012). The community infrastructure charging authorities who have the authority to impose charges on the levy in England include the unitary authorities, metropolitan districts, mayor of London among other bodies (Levy, 2011). All this listed bodies prepare development plans for their specific areas, informed by the evaluation of the infrastructural requirements that calls for the levy collection. On the importance of this tariff based development process, the government decided to

A letter to the editor in the Wall Street Journal Essay - 3

A letter to the editor in the Wall Street Journal - Essay Example In pure economic terms, the interest rates should be determined by the market forces prevailing at a particular moment. The government’s grip and control of the economy negatively impacts on its normal functioning. The main advantage of bond futures is that they offer long term investors an instrument to hedge against price swings. This will help protect them against unprecedented changes in the financial markets which can result in huge loses. In any economy, I strongly believe that investors play a significant role since they help it to grow as well as to stabilize it. Future bonds also help businesses to access funding in order to run their own enterprises. This also contributes to the growth of the economy through remittances of taxes which will be channelled towards the nation’s fiscus. Overall, I think the move by the Chinese government to bring back bond futures is a positive step towards liberalising the economy which can improve its overall performance. This move will also stabilize the interest rates. Therefore, I would like to commend the Chinese government for this noble decision since it is helpful to the overall performance of the economy as a

Data Structures and Algorithm Lesson Plan Essay

Data Structures and Algorithm Lesson Plan - Essay Example Vocabulary reinforced are: Reading skills: Listening skills: Library skills: collecting and abstracting information: Speaking skills: Writing skills: analyzing tasks, panning, drafting and editing various types of writing skills: Study techniques: Planning work, organizing, storing and retrieving information. Students will be expected to: †¢ Demonstrate capacity to obtain information from listening. †¢ Demonstrate ability to obtain and synthesis information on a subject from various written sources. †¢ Demonstrate ability to communicate in writing. †¢ Demonstrate ability to make oral presentations Materials: Textbook: Data Structures and Algorithms Analysis in C by Mark Allen Weiss Introduction to Algorithms, Second Edition By Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, and Ronald L. Rivest and Clifford Stein Computer Software: Java SDE software will be pre-installed in the Computer lab that will be in use during Practical lessons. WISE The Web-based Inquiry Science E nvironment (WISE) provides a platform for creating inquiry science projects for middle school and high school students using evidence and resources from the Web.

Smart Car Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Smart Car Case Study - Essay Example The most attractive feature of this car is that it effectively combines driver comfort, safety, and customer choice. The supply chain feature of the Smart Car also becomes the key factor in its market acceptance for it deviates from the conventional practices of manufacture and distribution. This paper will explore the innovative and strategic features of Smart Cars’ supply chain. I Smart Concept and Logistics at MCC The conventional volume car manufacture raised severe supply chain issues which adversely affected the brand reputation of car industries. To illustrate, in olden days, car manufacturers did not given much emphasis on customer preferences but developed car models according to their concepts. Evidently the car models did not match with customers’ actual interests. According to traditional market ideologies, supplier was the king of market who used to govern market trends. Even in modern time, car manufacturers and suppliers exceedingly emphasize on their eng ineering elegance rather than customer requirements. At this juncture, the MCC Management initiates a ‘customer oriented production concept’ that would enable customers to suggest how they want their products to be configured. The MCC management gives customers the opportunity to specify their car preference. For instance, they can combine two colors of the frame with various colors of the body panels. This way, the company can create an impression of a high level choice even though the product variation choices are kept to minimum. Since the company designs its products according to customers’ choice, to a large extent it can avoid risk elements associated with market demand. Similarly, in traditional car industry, manufacturers did not have a clear picture regarding the time required for the completion of a car manufacturing process (lead-time). In other words, they took comparatively long time to fix lead-time for cars. It was one of the major difficulties in car industries’ supply chain. Suppliers and dealers faced many challenges in the market because of this inaccuracy in production management, and it led to gradual decline in market demand. This paucity of lead-time awareness affected supply process; and it considerably decreased the profitability of both the manufacturers and suppliers. The MCC management recently developed certain strategies that can assist the organization to count lead-time for cars in two weeks. This provision would increase the effectiveness of Smart Cars’ supply chain once it enables the suppliers and other supply chain personnel to involve in production process. According to the Smart Car concept, the MCC management has maintained provisions for the suppliers to co-invest in the production location as well as to take a greater share in final assembling process. This provision would ensure the active supplier participation in the production process also. As a result, MCC can minimize different co nflicts in the supply chain and thereby carry out business activities smoothly. Traditional car manufactures did not maintain such practices and it reduced the inter-relation between manufacturers and suppliers. In addition, it is observed that the value added during final assembly in MCC is just ten percent of the production cost price. This practice would indirectly benefit the suppliers and customers since the low level value addition during the final assembly assists the company

Cash Accounting versus Accrual Accounting Assignment

Cash Accounting versus Accrual Accounting - Assignment Example But in accrual method, transaction is recorded as and when they happen rather than paid or received. So in accrual method the sale or receipt of goods and services are recorded as and when it happens .At times it is not easy to finalize when the sale or buying occurred ,then the contractor confirm the date when he received the goods and services and the transaction is recorded in the books. The cash and accrual method gives the same outcome as one can instantly see the results. The results of these accounting methods will only show variations, if the transaction is on a credit basis. In case the transaction of sales and purchases are done on cash and recorded immediately in the account then, which ever method one use the ledger will reflect the same results. The businesses with sales less than $ 5 million a year can choose whatever accounting method they want for their business. However in both the methods, the result will be only a partial picture of the financial stand of you busin ess concern. Chapter 2) Theoretical View a) Cash accounting method In cash accounting the primary importance is on the inflow and outflow of cash on everyday transaction of the business .As and when money moves in or out, recording is made in the ledger so that analysis can be made to the financial status of the business in a particular accounting period. According to Tatum (2003)â€Å"Part of the charm of a cash journal is that financial transactions entered as line items can be reviewed quickly when necessary, as well a providing a quick reference document when entering the transactions into other sections of the accounting books†. The author here emphasize that cash accounting is very reliable when it comes to the informative part of the business activities occurring on a daily basis. Cash is the blood life of a business concern, and cash accounting method allows the recording of the every movement of cash in the firm. The cash accounting method allows a small entrepreneur to understand the profitability of his firm without many complications. But this accounting method is useful mainly for small enterprises .The bigger firms use accrual accounting method where trillions of dollars are transacted at a time and sales and purchase of good and services are time consuming. The cash accounting system is quick and easy and help the owner of business on understanding cash reserves when dealing are mainly on cash basis. For example when one use a credit card to make a purchase, one does not have a reduction in the personal account until one pay for the credit card, this is considered cash accounting b)Accrual accounting If one consider accrual accounting , the revenues and expenses are recorded when they are incurred, regardless of money is moved in or out. As per Duchac (2006,pg.98) â€Å" Accrual accounting concepts are designed to reflect a company’s financial performance during a period and avoid misleading results that could arise from the timin g of cash receipts and

Mission and Vision Statements and the Companys Strategic Direction Research Paper

Mission and Vision Statements and the Companys Strategic Direction - Research Paper Example However, it has developed and adopted a unique system known as â€Å"The HP Way†. This is a unique ideology or philosophy that refers to the way things are done at HP (Lacy & Mullins, 2002). Therefore, although the company lacks clear mission and vision statements, the elements of these are captured in the company’s shared values and corporate objectives. These are stated below. Although HP lacks specific mission and vision statements, the shared values and corporate objectives have some of the key elements of effective mission and vision statements. To evaluate HP’s mission and vision statements as captured in â€Å"The HP Way†, an evaluation matrix will be important. The evaluation matrix below (Table 1) comprises of three columns. The first column contains the salient elements of the mission statement based on Zainbooks website. According to the website, mission statements should contain at least nine elements including; One of HP’s corporate objectives is customer loyalty, which shows the company’s commitment to providing value and highest quality to win customer loyalty and respect. However, the objective does not specify the company’s customers. The growth element is clearly stated in HP’s corporate objectives. One of the company’s corporate objectives is growth, which explains the company’s nature of identifying and seizing growth opportunities. Through its market leadership corporate objective, HP is committed to becoming the market leader through its competitive advantages in developing and delivering innovative and useful solutions, products, and services. The strategic direction is an important element in ensuring the success of a company. A company without a strategic direction is like a plane without a pilot that moves haphazardly. Such a business, like the plane, is likely to collapse. HP has had a clear strategic direction over the years since its formation. The growth and success of the company is proof of this.

The process of blacks in the Diaspora (Gambia) Religious Culture Research Paper

The process of blacks in the Diaspora (Gambia) Religious Culture - Research Paper Example Ghana sported thirty six out of the total forty two slave fortresses. In addition to Ghana, another eight African locations were utilised for shipping slaves. These included Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Bight of Benin, Bight of Biafra, Gold Coast, South East Africa, Central Africa and Senegambia. (Brown, 2000) The brunt of the slave trade was mostly borne by central and west Africa. West Africa alone contributed around three fifths of the total slave populations supplied. It is estimated that one half of slaves were exported to South America while 42% went to the Caribbean, 7% to North America and 2% went to Central America. The subsequent influence of these exported slaves was instrumental for culture in these regions. The focus of this text is to trace the religious influences of African slaves from the Senegambia region. African Americans were faced with two challenges. On the one hand they were trying to establish an independent identity and on the other hand they were cre ating various religious traditions. These religious traditions can be approximated in three articulate movements. The first stream represented results of the initial African contact with Christianity from Europe. The emerging religion was more African in character both liturgically and theologically. The second stream represented an extension of the first stream whereby religious practices developed in Africa migrated to the Americas. Though these beliefs and practices were modified in the Americas but the predominant influence remained African which aided in this stream being distinct. The third and final stream saw the amalgamation of borrowed ideals and concepts from Islam, Christianity and Judaism. These faiths and their concepts were woven as a novel fabric with visions of Africa as a historical power and in some instances as a future destination. These streams are discussed below to promote an understanding of religious influences under Diaspora. The first stream represented C hristian influences permeating into Africans often in direct proportion to the social class in question. The higher classes had lowest African influence and greatest Christian influence and vice versa. Traditional practices of hoodoo and voodoo as well as other derivatives of primitive West and West Central African religions crept into the newly adopted Christian faith. This was all the more apparent in the American South. Religious services saw the use of songs and dancing as well as the possession by the Holy Ghost during these services. Similarly the Caribbean witnessed Christianity imbued with overwhelming African content. This hybrid religion was connected with obeah, the use of supernatural powers to cause harms to others and to myalism, the use of herbs and spiritual resources in order to combat witchcraft and evil spells. Alternatively the religions of convince and kumina also took root. Convince involved respect for the Christian diety along with an active veneration of anc estors by spiritual healers known better as Bongo men. In a similar manner, kumina held ancestors in great veneration and ranked them after the sky gods and earthly deities. In contrast to the above, the second stream was more prominently experienced in Cuba and Brazil where reinvented African religion was the centre of religious attention. The various ethnic kinds of African slaves that were brought to Brazil maintained distinct identities by sticking to

Fin 4100 Essay Example for Free

Fin 4100 Essay Financial Management 1. Happy Valley, Inc. stock is valued at $51. 40 a share. The company pays a constant dividend of $3. 80. What is the required return on this stock? Po = D/Rs $51. 40 = $3. 80/Rs Rs = 7. 39% 2. The Francis Company is expected to pay a dividend of D1 = $1. 25 per share at the end of the year, and that dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 6. 00% per year in the future. The companys beta is 1. 15, the market risk premium is 5. 50%, and the risk-free rate is 4. 00%. What is the companys current stock price? Po = D1/(Rs-g)Rs = 4% + (5. 5%)1. 15 = 10. 325% Po = 1. 25/(. 10325-. 06) Po = 28. 90 3. Nachman Industries just paid a dividend of $1. 32. Analysts expect the companys dividend to grow by 30% this year, by 10% in Year 2, and at a constant rate of 5% in Year 3 and thereafter. The required return on this low-risk stock is 9. 00%. What is the stock’s current market value? D1 = 1. 716 D2 = 1. 8876 D3 = 1. 98198 P2 = 1. 98198/(. 09-. 05) = 49. 5495 Po = 1. 716/(1. 09) + (1. 8876+49. 5495)/(1. 09)^2 Po = 44. 87 4. A firm has the following sales: 008200920102011 $1,248,311$1,542,661$1,821,962$2,048,725 Use the compound average growth rate to forecast 2012 sales. g = [(2048725/1248311)^ . 3333] -1 g = 17. 956069% 2012 sales = 2048725 (1+. 17956069) 2012 sales = 2416595. 469 5. A firm is considering two projects, and it requires a 12% return on its projects. Their minimum payback period is 2. 5 years. Assuming the projects are independent (not mutually exclusive), which would you choo se based on the payback method? The NPV? The IRR? Project AProject B Initial outlay $200,000Initial outlay $180,000 Cash flows Year 1$70,000Year 1$80,000 Year 2$80,000Year 2$90,000 Year 3$90,000Year 3$30,000 Year 4$90,000Year 4$40,000 Year 5$100,000Year 5$40,000 Payback for A: 2. 55 years (reject) NPV for A: $104,275. 05 (accept) IRR for A: 30. 15% (accept) Payback for B: 2. 33 years (accept) NPV for B: $32,647. 23 (accept) IRR for B: 20. 57% (accept) If the projects were mutually exclusive, then based off of Payback, only B is accepted; off of NPV, A is accepted; and off of IRR, A is accepted. 6. A firm has a capital structure containing 40% debt, 20% preferred tock, and 40% common stock equity. The firm’s debt has a yield to maturity of 8. 1%, its annual preferred stock dividend is $3. 10, and the preferred stock’s current market price is $50 per share. The firm’s common stock has a beta of 0. 9, and the risk free rate and the market return are currently 4% and 13. 5% respectively. The firm is subject to a 40% tax rate. What is the firm’s WACC? WACC = . 40 (8. 1%) (1- . 40) + . 20 (6. 2%) + . 40 (12. 55%) = 8. 204% 7. A firm has 1 million shares of outstanding common stock which currently trades at $50 per share. The firm’s stockholders require a 15% return on their investment. The firm also has $47. 1 million (par value) in 5 year, fixed rate notes with an after tax yield to maturity of 7% . The current market value of the five year notes is $49 million. The firm also has 200,000 outstanding shares of preferred stock which pay an annual dividend of $8 and currently trade at their $80 per share par value. What is the firm’s WACC? Market cap for common stock: $50M Market cap for debt: $49M Market cap for preferred stock: $16M WACC = . 15 (. 43478) + . 07 (. 42609) + . 10 (. 13913) = 10. 90%

Fast casual restauran Essay Example for Free

Fast casual restauran Essay An Analysis of The Bread of Salt by NVM Gonzalez (In which irony had it once again.) *** Arturo Pà ©rez-Reverte, in his exhilarating novel The Flanders Panel wrote, â€Å"There’s nothing more misleading than an obvious fact.† (Pà ©rez-Reverte, 1990. p. 76) It’s a philosophy to which most w Premium1668 Words7 Pages Dead Star Analysis Bread of Salt Name: | Subject: Lit 1N| Year, Section: MT1218| Date: 1/23/13| Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez| THEME: (What does the story make you see about human life (or the S. H.E) The theme of the story is that sometimes, unexpected things happen rapidly in a short period of time and one da Premium1111 Words5 Pages Feminist Reading the Bread of Salt I. Introduction Throughout the course of history, there has been an evolution of courtship ideals. In the past, courtship had patriarchy present. Before, the males were always the one chasing the females. The men had to be the one to impress or chase after the girl. However, whenever a female t Premium3165 Words13 Pages The Bread of Salt The bread of salt As an author, N.V.M. Gonzalez usually wrote about the Filipino life and Filipinos in general. One of his most remarkable short stories is The Bread of Salt. The story is about a young boy who was very much in love with a girl named Aida but he was turned down mainly because of Premium575 Words3 Pages Bread of Salt The Bread of Salt by NVM Gonzalez (1958) U sually I was in bed by ten and up by five and thus was ready for one more day of my fourteenth year. Unless Grandmother had forgotten, the fifteen centavos for the baker down Progreso Street and how I enjoyed jingling those coins in my pocket!- woul Premium3639 Words15 Pages Panera Bread Case Analysis Hyapatia Green Panera Bread Case Analysis June 10, 2010 Overview Panera Bread, also called St. Louis Bread Company was founded in 1981. Rated high as a bakery-cafà © restaurant, they serve a variety of breads, soups, and salads. Panera is considered a â€Å"quick casual† restaurant offering Premium1103 Words5 Pages Bread of Salt As an author, N.V.M. Gonzalez usually wrote about the Filipino life and Filipinos in general. One of his most remarkable short stories is â€Å"The Bread of Salt†. The story is about a young boy who was very much in love with a girl named Aida but he was turned down mainly because of the difference i Premium561 Words3 Pages The Bread of Salt The Bread of Salt a theatrical adaptation by lit14bakeshop based on the story â€Å"The Bread of Salt† by N.V.M. Gonzales SCENE I [background: bakery at the left, Spaniard’s house with the veranda in the middle, boy’s house/room at the right. A lamp post is in t Premium2138 Words9 Pages Salt Analysis CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL NOTES SALT ANALYSIS S.No.| EXPERIMENT| OBSERVATION| INFERENCE| 1(a)| Noted the colour of the salt| BluePale greenGreenPale pinkColourless| May be Cu2+May be Fe2+May be Ni2+, Cu2+May be Mn2+Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ | (b)| Noted the physical state of Premium1896 Words8 Pages Bread of Salt The Bread of Salt Summary It was his assigned duty to be up early in the morning and be on his way to the baker’s to buy rolls and pan de salt for the breakfast table. He was fourteen and he has already got used to his task. On his way he thought of the bread of salt – pan de salt – and Premium1468 Words6 Pages Panera Bread Company Case Analysis Panera Bread Company’s Growth Strategy Case Analysis Among the crowded field of casual, quick-service restaurants in America, the distinctive blend of genuine artisan bread and a warm, comfortable atmosphere has given Panera Bread Company a golden opportunity to capture market share and re Premium2325 Words10 Pages Bread Talk Marketing Analysis BREAD TALK GROUP (Bakery) Number of brands under Bread talk group ( bakery) 1) Bread talk 2) Toast Box 3) The icing room 4) Bread Society Macro- environment: * Economic: There is a rise in income for most middle and lower income earners, making the bread sold price inelastic Premium1208 Words5 Pages The Bread Salt THE BREAD OF SALT Characters †¢ BOY – main character of the play (Note: He doesn’t have a name in the story..) †¢ AIDA – object of the boy’s affections †¢ PETE SAEZ – guy who invites the boy to join his band †¢ OTHER BANDMATES – preferably two guys †¢ JOSEF Premium312 Words2 Pages Analysis: Chemistry Salt Chemistry Salt Analysis Cheatsheet Version 2.0  © 2008 Ankur Banerjee All Rights Reserved. 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Review of Optimal PMU Placement Methods

Review of Optimal PMU Placement Methods Abstract-The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is very important tool for monitoring and control of the power system. PMUs give real time, synchronized measurements of voltages at the buses and also current phase values which are incident to those buses where these PMUs are located. It is unnecessary and impossible to place PMU at each bus to estimate the states because the PMUs and communication facilities are very costly. It is necessary to determine the minimum number of PMUs for entire observability of the power network. The optimal placement of PMUs (OPP) problem solved by various techniques such as mathematical programming, metaheuristic techniques. A literature review on these technologies to solve OPP problem is proposed in this paper. I. INTRODUCTION At present due to increased power demand, fast growth of generation, transmission, and development in power systems congested the existing networks and therefore stability margin of these networks are decreased. In this situation to make sure proper and stable operation of the power system, an accurate measurement and system states monitoring is required. This was normally done by Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system, where system states estimation depends on unsynchronized measurement[1]. These measurements have errors such as measurement and telemetry bias. To overcome these limitations in the SCADA, Wide Area Monitoring Protection and Control (WAMPAC) system is used[2]. This system consist Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) as fundamental components which give synchronized and real-time voltages and currents phasor measurement[3]. Global Positioning System Satellite (GPS) provides reference timing signals to achieve synchronization of sampling voltage and current w aveform with respect to this reference time. A PMU directly measures the voltage Phase of the bus where these PMUs are placed and also measure the current phases of a few or all the branches connected to that bus. In recent years to improve monitoring use of PMUs are rapidly increases, so it needs to place these PMUs on all of the buses for full observability of the network. It is also impossible to place these units on entire system buses because PMUs and communication services are very costly[4]. Thus determination of the optimal number of PMUs and its location for overall observability of the system is very important. A proper methodology is required to find the optimum number of the PMUs which will fully observe the power network. To solve the Optimal PMUs Placement (OPP) problem a number of methods have been employed[5]. These methods usually classified into conventional methods and advanced heuristic and modern metaheuristic methods[6] : Linear Programming, Nonlinear Programming, Dynamic Programming are the common optimization methodologies are proposed to solve this problem. Problems such as difficulties of obtaining local minima and handling constraints in conventional techniques are overcome by advanced heuristic and modern metaheuristic optimization methodology. These methodologies are Depth First Search, Minimum Spanning Tree, Simulated Annealing, Tabu Search, Genetic Algorithms, Differential Evaluation, Immune Algorithms, Partical Swarm Optimization or Ant Colony Optimization [7]. This paper reviews the research work and studies that have been done in the area of optimal placement of phas or measurement units (PMUs). Mainly the conventional and recent advanced heuristic and metaheuristic optimization techniques are presented in this paper to solve the typical optimal placement of PMUs problem. The formulation of this problem is described in Section II.The new methods to solve the OPP problem are discussed in Sections III and IV. Section V concludes this paper. II. OPTIMAL PMU PLACEMENT (OPP) PROBLEM FORMULATION PMU is an intelligent device which measures the phase value of voltage and current of bus which are connected to it. Figure 1 shows PMUs which purely isolated form a Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS).GPS time stamped measurement signals are fed to a Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) by using PMUs. The PDC collects and sorts the phasor measurements and signal processor converts data of PMUs into useful information which is visible on Human Machine Interface (HMI).The operator can easily access the critical information of the power system state. Some rules can be used for the placement of PMUs which are given in [8] like, assigning one voltage measurement at the bus where PMU is located, one branch current measurement, one voltage and current pseudo measurement. Figure 1.Layout of PMU along with GPS time stamped signals The PMUs can be placed at planned buses to completely observe the total network. These located PMUs are measuring the voltage phase value of that bus and current phase values of the lines which are connected to the same bus. The aim is to completely observe the network with an optimum number of PMUs. The problem for n-bus system is formulated and solved by Integer Programming method [6]as given below: Min Subject to f(x) Where x = binary decision variable vector, . The nonlinear constraint expressions are created considering the placement and types of available measurements. Assume the phasor value of voltage at the bus where PMU located and values of current phasors along the branches which connected to that bus will be easily accessible. The other adjacent bus voltages will also be accessible. Determine the solution vector which is a set of minimum and satisfy above equation. The constraint function can be defined with the help of Binary Connectivity Matrix A which gives the information about bus connectivity of power network. The elements of matrix A is defined as, = 0 otherwise. The constraint equations are considered for the three cases: (1) PMU measurements only, (2) PMU measurements and injections (i.e. zero injections) and (3) PMU measurements, injections, and flows. Different formulations of the PMU placement problem with additional constraints have been presented in the literature, Effects of Zero Injection Buses[9], Effect of conventional measurements[10], single or multiple PMU loss contingency[11], single branch outage[12], contingency of single line outage or single PMU loss[13], effect of PMU channel limit[14]. III. MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING METHODS Integer Programming (IP) is a numerical programming method it also known as mathematical programing. It solves an optimization problem which has integer design variables. According to reference [15], whether they are linear, nonlinear or quadratic, an integer programming is divided into Integer Linear Programming (ILP), Integer Nonlinear Programming (INLP) and Integer Quadratic Programming (IQP) respectively. This paper gives the implementation of Integer Linear Programming (ILP) for optimal PMU placement for full power system observability. Modeling of zero injection constraints in ILP frame work has given. A method has been proposed to the systems having zero injection busses in which we use binary connectivity matrix modification and the modified matrix can be used in Integer Linear programming (ILP) for optimal PMU placement. ILP approach has also been given for the systems considering single PMU outage. The results specify that: 1) optimal PMU placement for full power system observability can be computed effectively; 2) connectivity matrix modification based approach for systems having zero injection buses is computationally efficient and easy to execute; 3) number of PMUs has to increase for systems considering single PMU outage. The proposed algorithms have been tested for IEEE 9 bus, IEEE 14 bus, IEEE 24 bus test systems on MATLAB environment [16]. This paper presents a unified binary semidefinite programming (BSDP) model with binary decision variables, for optimal placement of phasor measurement units, considering the impact of pre-existing conventional and synchronized phasor measurements as well as the limited channel capacity of phasor measurement units. A linear objective function is minimized subject to linear matrix inequality observability constraints. The developed method is solved with an outer approximation scheme based on binary integer linear programming. The proposed method is illustrated using the IEEE 14-bus test system. Simulations are conducted on the IEEE 57-bus and 118-bus test systems to prove the validity of the proposed method [17]. For the observability of system, an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) method is used. It also reduces the number of PMUs and maximizes the measurement redundancy in the power system buses. This paper utilizes two approaches, Newton Raphson method and Weight Least Squares (WLS) state estimation method for estimating voltage magnitude and phase angles at each bus. The true value obtained from NR method is compared with the estimated values obtained from WLS with and without the inclusion of PMU measurements. The employed techniques are tested on IEEE- 14 and 30 bus system for determining the optimal points of placement of PMUs to measure the accurate voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus [18]. We define the desired solution as the PMU placement that also achieves best overall state estimation performance. Accordingly, we derive the state estimator of all buses in a three-phase network and propose a) greedy algorithm and b) integer programming optimization method to determine the optimal solution. The comparative performance of these two methods is presented via evaluation of transmission and distribution test networks [19]. This paper aims to optimize the PMU (Phasor Measurement Unit) placement for a full observation of the power network and the minimum number of PMUs. In this paper competition of Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming and heuristically algorithms such as Bacterial Foraging Algorithm was presented. The results are demonstrated with PMU placement optimization simulation and a redundancy measurement analysis by using IEEE14-bus and Tehran Regional electric company 41-bus networks [20]. This paper presents a method for the use of synchronized measurements for complete observability of a power system. The placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs), utilizing time-synchronized measurements of voltage and current phasors, is studied in this paper. An integer quadratic programming approach is used to minimize the total number of PMUs required, and to maximize the measurement redundancy at the power system buses. Existing conventional measurements can also be accommodated in the proposed PMU placement method. Complete observability of the system is ensured under normal operating conditions as well as under the outage of a single transmission line or a single PMU. Simulation results on the IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus, 57-bus, and 118-bus test systems as well as on a 298-bus test system are presented in this paper [21]. B. Exhaustive Search Exhaustive search is a general optimization technique that systematically enumerates all possible candidates for the solution and selects the candidate that satisà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ es the constraints at the optimum value of the objective function. Its main advantage is that it guarantees the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ nding of the global optimum. However, it is not suitable for large-scale systems with huge search space. Observability of bulk power transmission network by means of a minimum number of phasor measurement units (PMUs), with the aid of the network topology, is a great challenge. This paper presents a novel equivalent integer linear programming method (EILPM) for the exhaustive search-based PMU placement. The state estimation implemented based on such a placement is completely linear, thereby eliminating drawbacks of the conventional SCADA-based state estimation. Additional constraints for observability preservation following single PMU or line outages can easily be implemented in the proposed EILPM. Furthermore, the limitation of communication channels is dealt with by translation of nonlinear terms into linear ones. Optimal PMU placement is carried out on the IEEE 118-bus test system in different scenarios. The comparison between obtained results of EILPM and those of other methods reveals optimality of the solutions. Moreover, the proposed method is successfully applied on the Iranian National Grid, which demonstrates it can effectively be employed for practical power networks [22]. This paper gives Exhaustive Search (ES) algorithms for optimal PMU placement for full power system observability. The results specify that: 1) optimal PMU placement for full power system observability can be computed effectively; 2) connectivity matrix modification based approach for systems having zero injection buses is computationally efficient and easy to execute; 3) number of PMUs has to increase for systems considering single PMU outage. The proposed algorithms have been tested for IEEE 9 bus, IEEE 14 bus, IEEE 24 bus test systems onMATLAB environment [16]. This paper presents a unified binary semidefinite programming (BSDP) model with binary decision variables, for optimal placement of phasor measurement units, considering the impact of pre-existing conventional and synchronized phasor measurements as well as the limited channel capacity of phasor measurement units. A linear objective function is minimized subject to linear matrix inequality observability constraints. The developed method is solved with an outer approximation scheme based on binary integer linear programming. The proposed method is illustrated using the IEEE 14-bus test system. Simulations are conducted on the IEEE 57-bus and 118-bus test systems to prove the validity of the proposed method [17]. IV. HEURISTIC ALGORITHMS A. Genetic Algorithm (GA) Genetic algorithm (GA) is adaptive heuristic search algorithm that repeats the process of natural evolution. This process is used to generate solutions to optimization and also search problem, The utilization of Genetic Algorithms (GA) in tackling engineering problems has been a major issue arousing the curiosity of researchers and practitioners in the area of systems and engineering research, operations research and management sciences in the past decades are described in [23]. This paper models genetic algorithm into the Map Reduce model, so the MapReduce genetic algorithm (MRGA) possesses some parallel computing performance, such as scalability, better fitness convergence and so on. MRGA is implemented on computing clusters of Hadoop to search the optimal configuration of PMU. Meanwhile, this feasibility and the computing performance of MRGA is verified by the IEEE14-node system, IEEE118-node system, and Wp2383-node system. This method has significant advantages in the installed PMU number, the diversity of solution, the astringency and the practicability [24]. B. Tabu Search (TS) This paper introduces a recursive Tabu search (RTS) method to solve the OPP problem. More specifically, the traditional Tabu search (TS) metaheuristic algorithm is executed multiple times, while in the initialisation of each TS the best solution found from all previous executions is used. The proposed RTS is found to be the best among three alternative TS initialisation schemes, in regard to the impact on the success rate of the algorithm. A numerical method is proposed for checking network observability, unlike most existing metaheuristic OPP methods, which are based on topological observability methods. The proposed RTS method is tested on the IEEE 14, 30, 57 and 118-bus test systems, on the New England 39-bus test system and on the 2383-bus power system. The obtained results are compared with other reported PMU placement methods. The simulation results show that the proposed RTS method finds the minimum number of PMUs, unlike earlier methods which may find either the same or even higher number of PMUs [25]. The contribution of this paper is as follows: at first, analyze the measurement placement design of the electric power system using the software PSAT. Second, the heuristic approach, Tabu search (TS), based on topological analysis is proposed to solve the problem. The heuristic algorithm uses augmented incidence matrix to focus on the power system state estimator model then an Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) problem is formulated for the configuration with the minimum number of measurements that satisfies the observability constraints. Tests on the IEEE 14-Bus system and the TN are used to demonstrate the validity, flexibility, and efficiency of the proposed approach [26]. C. Simulated Annealing (SA) This paper proposes a two-step optimization approach for optimal placement of phasor measurement unit (PMU) to obtain complete observability of power system in the case of preinstalled PMUs. The complete observability of the system in the case of normal operation and pre-installed PMUs is formulated and then, different contingency conditions in the system are considered, i.e. single line outage and single bus outage. At the first step of the proposed two-step optimization approach, a minimization model is applied to convex programing (cvx) to achieve the minimum number of PMUs which guarantees the complete observability of the system. At the second step, simulated annealing (SA) is applied to maximize the measurement redundancy. Additionally, to further reduce the number of required PMUs the zero-injection bus effect is considered. At last, the proposed approach is tested on several IEEE standard systems, i.e. IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus, 39-bus, IEEE 16-machine 68-bus and 118-bus, to demons trate the effectiveness of the proposed approach [13]. This paper presents a novel Multi-Stage Simulated Annealing algorithm for the joint placement of PMUs along with the existing conventional measurement units in the power grid network. The proposed multi-stage optimization method enables Simulated Annealing to reach the optimal point faster than conventional Simulated Annealing methods. The controlled uphill movements during various stages facilitate to obtain best possible solution [27]. D. Differential Evolution (DE) In this paper, differential evolution (DE) algorithm has been proposed to solve an optimal joint placement problem of phasor measurement units (PMUs) and conventional measurements which enable to determine the state variables of the power system. The problem is to minimize the number of PMUs required for network observability and to maximize the PMU measurements redundancy. This is achieved by selecting a solution with maximum System Observability Redundancy Index (SORI) if multiple optimal solutions exist. The resulting nonlinear integer programming (NLIP) problem is solved by the proposed DE method for the optimal solution by considering different power system problems viz. a 7-bus test and IEEE 14-bus systems with and without the consideration of zero injection buses. Results thus obtained have also been validated with existing solution techniques [28]. E. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) An exponential binary particle swarm optimization (EBPSO) algorithm is proposed to solve the OPP problem for a completely observable network. Various practical contingencies such as zero injection, single PMU outage are considered in the proposed algorithm along with the normal operating condition. Multiple solutions for OPP problem can improve the feasibility of the placement methodology in a practical environment. Even though any bus is selected as candidate location but it may not be possible to install a PMU on that bus due to the lack of necessary infrastructure. On the contrary, few buses in practical systems which require close and precise monitoring should be directly observed by PMU. Placing some extra PMUs can solve this problem but economically it is not preferable. Hence, having alternative solutions can be very effective. To ensure multiple solutions and improve the performances, an adaptive exponentially decaying inertia weight coefficient is developed. A sigmoid functi on is introduced to update the position of the particles in binary form. Both inter connected (IEEE 14-bus and 30-bus) and radial (IEEE 39-bus) system are tested to check the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm [29]. This paper proposes a Particle Swarm Optimization based method to find the optimal PMU locations in a given grid topology. This method was tested successfully with the IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus, and 68-bus systems as well as with a large portion of the Brazilian power system [30]. This paper presents an Improved PSO Algorithm (IPSO) to solve the problem of optimal Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) placement. The aim of Optimal PMU Placement problem is to guarantee both full observabilities of the power grid and minimal number of PMU. In the Improved PSO Algorithm, the point of genetic algorithm and the simulated annealing process is involved into basic particle swarm optimization. To deal with the constraints, an improved Algorithm is developed and it can avoid costing much time and trapping local optimal solution. IEEE systems are tested to show the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm [31]. F. Immune Algorithm (IA) G. Iterated Local Search (ILS) The objective of the paper is to minimise the size of the PMU configuration while allowing full observability of the network. The method proposed initially suggests a PMU distribution which makes the network observable. The Iterated Local Search (ILS) metaheuristic is then used to minimise the size of the PMU configuration needed to observe the network. The algorithm is tested on IEEE test networks with 14, 57 and 118 nodes and compared to the results obtained in previous publications [32]. H. Spanning Tree Search The objective is to use the spanning tree approach and tree search technique for optimal placement of multichannel and minimum channel synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs) in order to have full observability of Power System. The novel concept of depth of observability is used and its impact on the number of PMU placements is explained. The spanning tree approach is used for the power system graphs and a tree search technique is used for finding the optimal location of PMUs. This is tested on IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus system. The same technique is modified to optimally place minimum channel PMUs on the same IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus systems. Matlab tool has been used for fulfilling the objective [33]. I. Greedy Algorithm Paper [34] propose a greedy PMU placement algorithm and show that it achieves an approximation ratio of (1-1/e) for any PMU placement budget. We further show that the performance is the best that one can achieve, in the sense that it is NP-hard to achieve any approximation ratio beyond (1-1/e). Such performance guarantee makes the greedy algorithm very attractive in the practical scenario of multi-stage installations for utilities with limited budgets. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the near-optimal performance of the proposed PMU placement algorithm. This paper studies the placement problem of PMUs in distribution system considering the system reconfiguration. System reconfiguration is achieved using the ant colony optimization method to solve the minimum power losses problem. A Greedy algorithm is used as an optimization tool to determine the minimal number of PMUs and their locations. The 33-bus distribution system is studied for optimal installation of PMUs with different distribution network topologies [35]. J. Recursive Security Algorithm The recursive security algorithm is a spanning tree search of multiple solutions, with a different starting point. Recursive spanning tree algorithm of PSAT is applied to find out the minimal placement locations for observability of all buses. The Thevenins equivalent parameters have been obtained from the measured and estimated voltages at the load buses and impedance matrix Zbus. The parameters obtained are used to find the voltage stability boundary. Results on the IEEE-14 bus system and IEEE-30 bus system are presented to illustrate the proposed approach [36]. K. Teaching-Learning-Based optimization Algorithm In this paper, Teaching-Learning-Based optimization Algorithm (TLBO) is presented for solving the problem of placement of PMU optimally in a power system network for complete observability. The TLBO algorithm enables optimal PMU placement by zero injection measurements and also by not including zero injection measurements. The algorithm has been tested on standard test systems such as IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 57-bus and the results are contrasted with other optimization algorithms like Genetic Algorithm and Binary PSO [37]. L. Improved binary particle swarm This paper presents the improved binary particle swarm (IBPSO) method that converges faster and also manage to maximize the measurement redundancy compared to the existing BPSO method. This method is applied to IEEE-30 bus system for the case of considering zero-injection bus and its effectiveness is verified by the simulation results done by using MATLAB software [38]. M. Best first search (BFS) algorithm This paper utilizes best first search (BFS) algorithm to determine the optimal placement of PMUs for complete observability of a power system under normal operating conditions. The additional redundancy offered by this method has been removed by applying a pruning technique to further minimize the number of PMUs determined by BFS algorithm. The proposed method has been used to determine the optimal PMU placement solutions for the standard IEEE 14-bus system, IEEE 30-bus system and a practical 246-bus Indian system. The results obtained with the proposed method have been compared with the existing methods such as integer linear programming. It has been found that the proposed method is able to achieve the complete system observability with the minimum number of PMUs required [39]. N. Mixed heuristic/matheuristic method This paper presents a new method for the optimal allocation of PMUs in substations with a focus on the two-level state estimation process that was recently proposed in the specialized literature. A mixed heuristic/matheuristic method is proposed to determine the number and location of those units in such a way to provide robust observability characteristics. Its reliable, robust, and precise results are shown for small and large substation layouts [40]. O. Measurement sensitivity analysis This article presents a novel algorithm to find optimal sets of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) in power systems using measurement sensitivity analysis aiming for fault detection without multi-estimation. The algorithm generalizes the impedance method in fault detection through optimizing PMU utilization in order to detect a fault with desired precision in interconnected power systems. By deriving bus voltage and currents sensitivity indices to the fault location and impedance, possible deviations of the estimated fault location and/or impedance due to measurement noise, accuracy, precision limits, or simply the inability of a measurement point to sense a fault is evaluated. Therefore, the algorithm can solve Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) for desired fault detection precision based on these indices for various points of measurement observing faults in the system. Finally, avoiding multi-estimation guarantees the unique mapping between measurements of the selected PMU sets and faults th roughout the system. The proposed algorithm is performed on the IEEE 7-bus and 14-bus benchmark systems and the fault location capability is evaluated through neural networks [41]. P. Modified binary cuckoo optimization algorithm In this study, a new evolutionary algorithm named as modified binary cuckoo optimization algorithm (MBCOA) is presented to solve optimal PMU placement (OPP) problem. The proposed method is classified as topological approaches. The basis of the method is in the lifestyle of the brood parasite bird named cuckoo that immigrates to the best habitat to obtain sufficient food and suitable nests for egg laying. The proposed binary structure is not introduced and applied to OPP problem up to now. OPP is tested on different networks consist of IEEE 14, 30, 57 and 118 bus test systems during normal operation and single event contingencies, i.e. single PMU failure and single line outage. The proposed MBCOA is also applied to 2383 and 2746 bus test systems to show its ability to handle large scale power networks. It is shown that MBCOA can obtain the best result from the search region with a minimum number of iterations [42]. References: [1]M. A. Rahman, A. H. M. Jakaria, and E. Al-shaer, Formal Analysis for Dependable Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition in Smart Grids, in 2016 46th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN), 2016, pp. 263-274. [2]Jiaping Liao and Cheng He, Wide-area monitoring protection and control of future power system networks, in 2014 IEEE Workshop on Advanced Research and Technology in Industry Applications (WARTIA), 2014, pp. 903-905. [3]M. Wache, Application of phasor measurement units in distribution networks, in 22nd International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2013), 2013, pp. 0498-0498. [4]A. Pal, A. K. S. Vullikanti, and S. S. Ravi, A PMU Placement Scheme Considering Realistic Costs and Modern Trends in Relaying, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., pp. 1-1, 2016. [5]J. Paudel, Xufeng Xu, and E. B. Makram, PMU deployment approach for maximum observability considering its potential loss, in 2016 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (TD), 2016, pp. 1-5. [6]K. K. More and H. T. Jadhav, A literature review on optimal placement of phasor measurement units, 2013 Int. Conf. Power, Energy Control, pp. 220-224, Feb. 2013. [7]N. M. Manousakis, G. N. Korres, and P. S. Georgilakis, Optimal placement of phasor measurement units: A literature review, in 2011 16th International Conference on Intelligent System Applications to Power Systems, 2011, pp. 1-6. [8]V. V. R. Raju and S. V. J. Kumar, An optimal PMU placement method for power system observability, in 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Conference at Illinois (PECI), 2016, pp. 1-5. [9]K. Gharani Khajeh, E. Bashar, A. Mahboub Rad, and G. B. Gharehpetian, Integ

Essay --

I, Alexander III, was born the son of a great warrior, King Phillip II of Macedonia and a Olympia’s, daughter of King Neoptolemus I of Epirus. I was born on the 20th day of July in the year 356 BC in Pella Greece. I spend most of my childhood in Pella’s royal court. I hardly ever saw my father because he spend most of his time in military campaigns or with one of his may other women, besides my mother. On the other hand, mother, was always there for me, even when I did not ask for her presence. From a young age mother and father wanted the best for me, even if I times I didn’t see it. Both my parents influence me to become what I am today. To them my education was extremely important. First, Leonidas tutored me; he was a very stern man. Of course, me being the free spirited young lad that I was might have contributed to the way he treated me, non-the-less. I do have to admit that Leonidas did help develop my physical endurance; his harsh schooling was the foundation for my physical hardiness and endurance. My father was not completely satisfied with Leonidas’s ways, so he saw to it that I would no longer be taught by force but rather by persuasion. Consequently, at the age of 13, in the year 342, Aristotle was assigned control over my education. He was a master of science and my father thought he would be the best for me. Indeed it was one of the best decision my father made for me, being that he hardly had time for me. With Aristotle my passionate love of Greek culture came to be; he made me entirely Greek in intellect. Aristotle was an inspiration for me then and continues to be now as I write this. Being around all these extremely intelligent individuals and hearing stories about the victories that great military general acc... ...h my father and Alexander. As Alexander and I took our seats and allowed my father to walk to his throne to sit, Pausanias rushed upon him and drove a blade between his ribs. My father dropped dead and Pausanias was killed while trying to escape. After this I was rushed to the palace and declared king. As delighted as I was I could not forget what had just happened. How could Pausanias, my father’s chief bodyguard and friend do this? Within a matter of seconds I understood what had occurred. Mother had encouraged Pausanias to commit this horrendous crime. My mother had accomplished what she set out to do, she had killed King Phillip II and made me King Alexander III. Later, she confessed to me all she had done, as king I could have had her executed, but I could not do such I thing. I loved my mother and she did it for my benefit. I’ve kept her secret till this day.

the meaning of a friend Essays -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Never having any guidance, or direction, he has always seemed to work through all obstacles. Langston was a young man, roughly beginning his first year of medical school. Everyone he knew saw it a miricle that he ever made it as far as a bachelors degree, much less a Medical Degree.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Born a â€Å"mistake† never knowing his mother, or father he spent much of his childhood and adolescence running from foster homes east and west, he had never known unconditional love or the feel of a true family. At the age of 24, only one person in his life had ever before cared enough to keep in touch with him. She was a young woman he called Mams. Natalie Green Entered is life when he was around the age of four, as his â€Å"big sister†. She was only 18 and needed community service hours to receive a scholarship, never anticipating that such a loving relationship would grow with the young boy. Mams was an only child to a middle class black family, raised with a father that believe you must earn and work for everything you receive. Even then the nature and history, of Langston’s life, at the age of four, shocked her. For the 12 months they spent together, in St.Louis, every weekend, and twice during the week they escaped from their lives. She took him to plays, book readings, social events, anything she thought would open his eyes to the opportunities surrounding him. As a result Langston was well on his was to success. Even after she left for collage, and he moved to a new â€Å"home†, every birthday, Easter, Christmas, Halloween, and any other special event, Langston would receive a letter or post card with just enough words to make him keep trying. She was the main and only motivation in his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On a Sunny day, in the beginning of September, Langston hopped on his bike and hurried home to his apartment to change clothes and rush to work, his daily routine. The door flung open, his shoes flew across the room, he ran to the bathroom he turned on the shower, then ran into the kitchen, and was then brought to a paused when he noticed the mail he must have overlooked when first entering. The shower still running, he grabbed the mail, not expecting anything in paticular besides the usual junk mail. When suddenly he was suprised to see a peach envelope with purple ink writing, reading Langston Brown ... ...nishment Langston realized those were the closing words of Mam’s eulogy, Langston had been so greif stricken he totally zoned out the entire funeral ceremony, even the lasting momentos she left for him. Mams hadn’t forgotten him, nor not cared for him, for whatever reason she felt she had to die, she wanted Langston to know how much she was proud of him, and how much she believed he was capable of acheiving.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Such a small, yet overlooked aspect. Who knew how much these few words could change Langston’s life. Suddenly he felt powerful and ambitious once again. He no longer blamed himself, or questioned the ways of life, he learned to accept the past and prepare for the future. Though some people looked down on Natalie Green for her â€Å"cowardly† death, contrary, Langston still holds her in the highest respect, for she changed his life in ways he can never repay. She gave him hope and strength when there was no one else around to care if he woke up the next morning. She understood how much he needed her in his life. Natalie Green was his Mams, warm hearted, strong, independent; the most influential, loving person in his life.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Shakespeares Sonnet #73 Essay -- essays research papers fc

Shakespeare's Sonnet #73, published in 1609, is written in the Shakespearean or English sonnet style. It consists of three quatrains and one couplet at the end, written in iambic pentameters. Each quatrain has its own rhyme scheme, rhyming in alternating lines. The couplet summarizes the preceding twelve lines. Sonnet 73 appears to contain multiple parallels to death and the person speaking in the poem gives the impression that he is near death and reflecting back upon life. The first quatrain, â€Å"That time of the year thou mayst behold me/ When yellow leaves, or none, or few do hang/ Upon those boughs which shake against the cold/ Bare ruin choirs where late the sweet bird sang.† He seems to be comparing his life the unspecified season, which could either be autumn or winter. If a person were to look at only this quatrain, Shakespeare seems to describe autumn, with images of yellow leaves and a place where a bird sang. However, if the whole sonnet is looked at Shakespeare seems to describe the effects of winter. Shakespeare reinforces the confusion of season with the rearrangement of the natural sequence of events. He says, none before few in describing the leaves hanging, and reminds us of summer with the image of the bird. This serves as a reminder of the encroaching winter. The transposition of "none" and "few" could also imply that a second look to the landscape, as with death. Upon, another glance, death is not here bu t coming. This quatrain appears t...

The NYS prescribed learning standards

The NYS prescribed learning standards is an important resource for teachers as it identifies what topics and skills students should be able to learn and master in a specific grade. However, generating ideas for activities and lessons on a specific topic is a difficult task. A teacher has to find inspiration from his/her students and everyday life in order to make the learning experience more meaningful. As a teacher, the resources available for lesson planning and designing of activities are numerous; it could be from textbooks, from teacher resources in the internet or even from one’s colleagues.Active learning and inquiry as a teaching strategy can also be the same ways of thinking that would help teachers generate ideas on how to incorporate active learning and inquiry into one’s lessons. It is difficult to generate these types of activities because we have not been used to thinking about learning and the teaching process in this way (Johnson & Johnson, 1999). Moreov er, we know that these methods are more effective but since we have not been trained in it, it is very difficult for us to actually make the activity. We have to rely on preprogrammed or pre-designed activities and customize it to our own classroom experience.These approaches are not used very often in schools because teachers themselves are not that knowledgeable about the process, teachers need to be pushed and required to use it before any changes could ever happen. Active learning is evident in the video when the teacher instructed the students to discover what they can about the assigned task, there was no predetermined way of finding the correct answer, but the students where to use their imagination and previous learning to be able to describe and explain the subject matter of the study.

Are Males and Females Treated Differently in the Criminal Justice System?

Luz Santiago March 12, 2013 Professor Carty Sex and Gender Research Paper Are males and females treated differently in the criminal justice system? My intro Many people believe that the criminal justice system treats males and females differently. In my opinion I believe that this is false. Maybe it’s because the criminal justice system is strict on males because they are often the ones getting arrested. In this research paper I will determine if this is true.The definition of criminal justice system is the system of law enforcement that is directly involved in apprehending, prosecuting, defending, sentencing, and punishing those who are suspected or convicted of criminal offenses. Source #1 As I was doing my research I came upon this book titled â€Å"The Gender of Crime† by Dana M. Britton. In this book it describes all different crimes and how men and women are punish in the criminal justice system. It states that women convicts are usually more violent, have been gi ven several more chances, and that’s just the way we were raised as society was raised.We were raised to respect women; women shouldn’t be taken away from their children. It also states that men are usually arrested more because they commit more crimes. Source#2 Statistic Statistics states that in 2009 6. 8%of all federal/state prison was women the total was 105,197. It also states that in 2009 93. 2% of men in the federal/state prison totaling to 1,443,500. Many people believe this is because of the chivalry theory, this theory explains how must male officials are more lenient on women.It’s not that they are chivalry must of time it’s because of how the crimes are committed. For example the reason why women are less likely to receive the death penalty is that they commit different kinds of murder then men do. Source#3 statistic The America Crime Survey 2009/10 showed that men were at greater risk of personal crime and violence than women. Women were at h igher risk of theft from the person and intimate violence. In 2009, there were differences in the types of sanctions issued to men and women at court.A higher proportion of female defendants received fines than males (77% compared with 63%), but lower proportions of female defendants received community sentences (10% compared with 16%), suspended sentences (2% compared with 4%), and immediate custody (3% and 9% respectively). In 2009, newly received women in prison were serving proportionately shorter custodial sentences than men. Almost half (48%) of newly received men in prison were serving sentences lasting longer than six months compared to two-fifths (38%) of newly received women.Men and women’s behaviour in prison also differed. In 2009, the rate of punishment in prison establishments was higher for women (150 adjudications per 100 prisoners) than for men (124 adjudications per 100 prisoners). More than one in three female prisoners (37%) self-harmed compared with fewer than one in ten males (7%). As in previous years, men accounted for the majority of self-inflicted deaths in custody (57 of the total 60 recorded in 2009).

Children after the separation Essay

Further his studies of the effects of war on children who were separated from their mothers at an early age was considered to be research done in a crisis situation. Critics argue under these circumstances it would be impossible to conclude how the same children would have reacted out of a war time environment. It was also argued that Bowlby failed to take account in his studies what had happened to the children after the separation. Bowlby was influenced greatly by James Robertson’s research on the effects of separation on mother and child through hospitalisation. Robertson’s studied children between six months and three years of age who were separated from their mothers due to hospitalisation. Robertson claimed to have established a sequence of behaviour that all children would pass through. This sequence consisted of distress, were children behaved in a disturbed manner. Despair whereby the child seems to lose hope of finding there lost parent. Lastly, the child display detachment type behaviour, refusing anyone to become involved with them. Robertson concluded that separation from their mother was harmful. In 1971 Klein and Stern studied why parents abuse their children. They found evidence in their studies that a high percentage of abused children had been born prematurely. Because these children were put into an incubator and separated from their parents an attachment was unable to develop, resulting in later abuse toward the children. The study concluded that there is a crucial period when attachments not formed adequately would not be able to be re-formed. This is of considerable importance to social work in relation to the modern day understanding of child abuse as further research has shown that many abusers were once abused themselves. Klaus & Kennell (1976) two paediatricians put forward the theory that they too believed there was a critical period when attachment took place, this was immediately after birth, when the mother was physiologically pre-disposed to bond with her infant. It was during this time that the strength of the attachment was determined.  The American National Center for Clinical Programs supports Bowlby’s notion of ‘motherlove’. They propose that a parent who realises they are going to have a long-term relationship with their child will put more into the caregiving and interaction, as opposed to a substitute care giver who may not be so motivated as they see many children come and go and therefore do not build up a caring relationship with children. This idea has implications for fostering as a consequence may be lack of care or favouritism towards other children in their care. John & Elisabeth Newson (1986) point out that one function of a parent is to act as a memory store for the children to play back and compare experiences. Children in a care setting without a key adult with whom they have a close relationship with will be unable to build upon past experiences and this may have an impact on their emotional development.  Many studies have looked at whether attachment is instinctive, as Bowlby had believed. Konrad Lorenz (1935) agreed that attachment was instinctive when he put forward his imprinting theory. His observations revealed that newly hatched goslings follow the first thing they saw, this could be a human or other object and there was a brief critical period early in the goslings life when this would occur and was found to be irreversible. Lorenz’s believed this was biological, a factor of evolution that ensures the young of all species are able to attach to someone for survival, and was relevant to the way humans form attachments in relation to it being an instinctive behaviour. Critics of his theory (Sluckin 1961 and Bateson 1964) have shown that if a young bird is kept isolated it stays unimprinted beyond Lorenz’s ‘critical period’ and imprinting can take place after the critical period has passed. This casts doubt on Lorenz’s claim that imprinting processes are instinctive. Many researchers now believe that imprinting is actually a process of rapid learning (MacFarlane 1975) In contrast to the theory that attachment is instinctive Colin Turnbull and Margaret Mead when studying families in various African tribes concluded that they saw no signs of instinctive love or affection between parents and children. It was quite normal for many children to be left to fend for themselves; many were even killed as they were thought of as burdens by their parents. The researchers came to believe attachment to be a learnt process that we internalise from observing our own mother’s behaviour, and if not learnt properly for example through illness or as in the tribes case through a different set of family norms and lifestyles, then no bonding or emotional attachment can occur. In New York in 1943 Goldfarb conducted a study of orphans. Two groups of fifteen orphans were matched for age, sex and social background of their parents. The orphans of group A had been fostered before nine months old. The orphans in group B had spent at least their first three years in an orphanage before they were fostered. Goldfarb visited each child at ages three, six, eight and twelve years and measured their development with regard to intelligence, language skills, social maturity and their ability to form relationships. Goldfarb found that every child in group A did better than those in group B leading to the conclusion that a ‘normal’ family home is crucial to emotional and cognitive development. Critics of this study argue that the children may not have had the same intelligence to begin with and that the children in Group B did not have the stimulation of a family for as long a period as those children in Group A. Harlow & Zimmerman conducted studies on a group of rhesus monkeys. Their studies consisted of isolating young monkeys for three months, six months or twelve months. The researchers concluded that the behaviour of the monkeys who had been isolated for twelve months was proportionately worse than those who had been isolated for three months. The behaviour of all the monkeys who had suffered isolation was seen to be disturbed. The same researchers also placed monkeys in a cage with surrogate mothers, a doll made of wire with a feeding bottle and a doll made of wood and towelling without a feeding bottle. The monkeys spent equal amounts of time with each ‘surrogate mother’. The studies showed that the monkeys preferred to cling to the towelling doll even if it meant they did not have a feeding bottle. This led the researchers to believe that warm contact is of critical importance as a need for the monkeys and leads to affectionate responses. Critics of both these studies question the relevance of animal studies to human behaviour. Bowlby’s influential theory managed to link together the evolutionary focus of adaptation with the psychodynamic and behavioural importance of social relationships during infancy and childhood. (Hollin 95)  A measure of its influence can be gained from the action of the World Health Organisation in 1955 stating that â€Å"Permanent damage can be done to the emotional health of babies and children when put into nurseries or sent to child-minders.† The WHO report had many consequences and resulted in lots of practices regarding child care and children’s needs being changed. Women were encouraged to stay at home and were made to feel guilty and bad mothers if the went out to work. (Which suited the government at the time, as they needed these vacated jobs for men) Family Allowance payments were also introduced as a further inducement to keep women from going out to work  Maternity wards encouraged siblings to stay with their mother, whilst children’s wards encouraged mothers to stay.  A main influence on social work practice was the idea that ‘ a bad home is better that the best institution’ which resulted in less fostering and removal of children from poor if not dangerous situations at home. Bowlby’s findings were influential but controversial and became the starting point for further studies. Some studies began to disagree with Bowlby, Fraiberg in 1974 argued that it was possible to strengthen an attachment; Parents of blind children who did not experience eye contact with their infant felt rejected and consequently were unable to develop a strong attachment to their children. When taught to interpret their child’s hand movements, it was found the bond could be strengthened. Interaction was thought to be the important element in developing the attachment.